The Role of Justice in Society - 2403 Words

Through the egalitarian reasoning of John Rawls and the act-utilitarianist perspective of J.J.C. Smart, I will analyze the concept of justice. In accordance with Rawls, I intend to argue that any changes in society that will increase the burden carried by the poorest 5% are unjust, even if these changes increase the average level of happiness for the other 95%. With regard to ethics, justice is defined as fairness, where all situations should be treated alike. For one to exhibit justice, one must portray the quality of being fair and reasonable in all situations. While egalitarians evaluate justice based on equality, utilitarians are only interested in justice as a means to an end. Smart advocates the principle of utility, which defines†¦show more content†¦The two parts of the second principle are ‘the difference principle and ‘the principle of fair equality of opportunity. The difference principle makes justifications for inequalities as long the situation of every one affected is improved. Equality of opportunity refers to the distribution of income and wealth and to the design of organizations that make use of difference in authority. As with the difference principle, inequalities in wealth, power, and status are permitted, as long as the advantages produced by the inequities benefit everyone. The ordering of the second principle implies that defiance of equality of opportunity cannot be rationalized by the possibility of economic or social advantages. The ideas set forth by Rawls influential book A Theory of Justice received considerable praise and attention from the scholastic community. As with all publications, Rawls work has been critiqued by other philosophers. The most prominent objection to Rawls concept of justice, and the only area I would criticize, is the difference principle. As a libertarian, Robert Nozick offers one of the most renowned arguments against difference principle. Nozick argued in his book Anarchy, State and Utopia that equality through fair distribution will indefinitely intrude on civilianShow MoreRelated The Role of Justice in Society Essay2374 Words   |  10 PagesThe Role of Justice in Society Through the egalitarian reasoning of John Rawls and the act-utilitarianist perspective of J.J.C. Smart, I will analyze the concept of justice. In accordance with Rawls, I intend to argue that any changes in society that will increase the burden carried by the poorest 5% are unjust, even if these changes increase the average level of happiness for the other 95%. With regard to ethics, justice is defined as fairness, where all situations should be treated alikeRead MoreThe Notions of Justice in The Republic and Antigone1707 Words   |  7 Pagesnotions of justice are presented plainly. Plato’s The Republic and Sophocles’ Antigone both address elements of death, tyranny and immorality, morality, and societal roles. These topics are important elements when addressing justice, whether in the societal representation or personal representation. Antigone uses the concept of death in many ways when unfolding the tragic story of Antigone and her rebellion. The most obvious way is how death is used as a form of capital punishment and justice againstRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe criminal justice system is a group of institutions that work together to protect a society, prevent and control crime, and maintain justice; enforcing the laws regulated by society. As the years have gone by and society has evolved; so have the criminal justice system and its methods to accomplish its role in society. This short analysis will evaluate the main facts that have been affecting the criminal justice system for decades and have influenced the evolution the justice system is enduringRead MorePlato s The Republic : The Myth Of The Three Metals Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesthese metals, each person was born into the role they would presume in society. Gold represents the guardians, who are governed b y reason, making them suitable to rule. Silver depicts the auxiliaries, who are guided by spirit, predisposing them to be guards. The final metals are iron or bronze, which share the same traits. Iron or bronze displays the farmers and other craftsmen, who are led by their appetites, creating the physical laborers in the society. Plato believes that the myth of three metalsRead MoreThe Between Plato And Plato s The Republic And Hobbes Leviathan1324 Words   |  6 PagesHow does a â€Å"just† society operate? What are the roles of the individuals? One of the earlier concepts of justice dates back to Plato and his work the Republic. Plato constructs his ideal state to find the meaning of Justice and dissects human nature and its role in society in doing so. Overall, he described justice in a hypothetical society where every individual does what they are best as. His ideal society is where individuals must perform its appropriate role and each must be in the right position Read More Individuals vs. Society Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual’s role in society can vary with the number themes the characters exhibit. When there are signs of fate, cruelties, weaknesses, and desires for justice and catharsis the role of an individual becomes more complicated. In Antigone, most of those themes are shown thus a single person’s influence or role on society is very small and complicated to attain. However in The Lottery the society has most of the control and there is not many signs of those characteristics so the role of a person isRead More2.3 Conclusion:. The Aim Of Criminal Law Is To Protect1463 Words   |  6 Pagesto protect the basic rights to life and property. There can be no liberty if no protection of the basic rights of the citizens by the government is provided. Whatever views one holds about the penal law, no one will question its importance to society. This is the law on which men place their ultimate reliance for protection against all the deepest injuries that human conduct can inflict on individuals and institutions. By the same token, penal law governs the strongest force that we permit officialRead MoreJustice: Plato vs. Aristotle Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesattempts to define justice. Being that Aristotle was a student of Plato, their ideas share many similarities. Both viewed justice as the harmonious interaction of people in a society. However, Plato defined his ideal of justice with more usage of metaphysics, invoking his Form of the Good, while Aristotle took a more practical approach, speaking in terms of money and balance. Although Aristotles ideal of justice may seem superior, upon further inspection, Platos ideal of justice is the stronger. Read MoreSummary : Muller V. Oregon1540 Words   |  7 Pagespatriarchal ideologi es that attack the progression of socio-gender equality through legislative action. At face value, the court’s rejection of employee suppression appears to uphold social equality and justice within the workforce; however, the approach taken was rather sexist and gendered. Supreme Court justices ultimately based arguments upon the predisposed ideas of scientific sexism, or the notion that women are biologically different from men, and are thus inherently inferior due to physiology. By determiningRead MoreIndividuals vs. Society1024 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals role in society can vary with the number themes the characters exhibit. When there are signs of fate, cruelties, weaknesses, and desires for justice and catharsis the role of an individual becomes more complicated. In Antigone, most of those themes are shown thus a single persons influence or role on society is very small and complicated to attain. However in The Lottery the society has most of the control and there is not many signs of those characteristics so the role of a person is

The Between Essence And Existence - 871 Words

Avicenna created a doctrine that discussed the real distinction between essence and existence. Avicenna’s concludes that existence is accidental to essence and he believed that essence was a priority over esse. In Avicenna’s reasoning essence exists in two different ways of being. First, essence can exist in reality as a concrete, singular instance. For example, a dog can exist in reality through the essence of Lassie the dog. Second, essence can exist through the mind as a universal. For example, a dog can exist in through the mind by thinking the general meaning of the word dog. Essence can Be and Be Known because it is self-same meaning that it can exist in both ways of being. A dog doesn’t necessary have to exist in â€Å"reality† to get essence in the mind and it doesn’t have to be a real dog to get the understand of a dog. Essence doesn’t have to exist in either way because it can exist in both. For example, if to be a dog it has to exi st as part of nature then it can not exist in the mind or a singular instance. Another example, if to be a dog it has to have universal existence as part of nature then a dog can not exist in any singular instance. This causes a real distinction between nature and existence. Avicenna believes that essence is a priority over existence. As stated essence can be a single reality, and it can be universal in the mind but essence in itself is neither singular or universal. Essence in itself is essence in its pure state of being Naked Nature.Show MoreRelatedDescartes Ontological Argument For The Existence Of God1302 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the Existence of God The Ontological Argument for the existence of God is an a priori argument that aims to demonstrate that God’s real-world existence follows necessarily from the concept of God. 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Conjointly, when those two dimensions of dialogue are exposed within educational institutions, a world of caring, art, liberation, encounters, and transcendence begins to form the methods of authentic education. Thus, this process can empower an individual with the creative thoughts necessary to deconstruct, andRead MoreJohn Locke, Paul Sartre, And Georg L. Hegel1710 Words   |  7 PagesPHL 492 Final Paper April 14, 2015 The subject of essence is not something that the average person thinks about everyday, or ever in their life. There are several varying arguments over essence including arguments from John Locke, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Georg W. F. Hegel. Two of these men argue that essence is something that we gain later in life once we have made the choice of who we want to be. The third argues that we all have the same essence from the time we are born. 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Risk and Audit of GPSA Limited Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Risk and Audit of GPSA Limited. Answer: Introduction Auditing is the process being undertaken by the certified accountant for the purpose of verifying the books of accounts of a business entity for a particular financial year. The auditing involves risk assessment as the major element (Leung, Coram, Cooper, 2012). The auditor needs to assess the risk of manipulations in the financial statements before commencing the actual verification of the books and records of the entity. In this context, a report has been prepared here that deals with the risk assessment in relation to the audit of GPSA Limited which engages in the research and development activities and investment in properties. The report provides overview of the application of risk assessment tools and techniques such as test of controls and ratio analysis. Further, discussion on the audit steps required to reduce the audit risk has also been provided in this report. Accounts The five accounts as identified by the audit partner, John Richard being potentially risky are given as below: Accounts receivables Current Investments Property Assets Intangible Assets Research and Development Capitalization Analysis The days in accounts receivables have been observed to be rising over the period of three years. In the year 2015, the accounts receivable days were 53 which increased to 61 in 2016 and then further increased to 83 in the year 2017. The increase in the accounts receivable days has been significant in three years, which certain raise concerns of the auditor. Current investment account shows the investments held by the company for disposal in the short term. Current investment forms part of current assets. The current ratio of the company has been observed to be increasing from 1.66 times in 2015 to 1.80 times in 2017. The company makes investment in the properties which are shown under the property assets account. Intangible assets and research and development capitalization accounts are the most crucial for the auditor because these comprise the main business activities of the company. In the year 2016, the company incurred a huge sum on the research of new laser surgery device which one of its competitors has already developed and patented, the expected revenues from this device may be adversely affected. Further, as per the loan covenants the company will be under obligation to pay the loan on demand if the debt to equity ratio goes increases above 1.2:1 (AICPA, 2016). Audit Risk Audit risk is the risk that the auditor would make incorrect audit opinion in regards to accounts examined because the fraud and error remain undetected (Griffiths, 2016). The auditor tries to reduce the audit risk by adopting the test of controls and substantive procedures. In the case of GPSA Limited, the main audit risks have been identified as below: The capitalization of research and development expenses may be manipulated. The accounts receivable might include bad and irrecoverable debt. The company might try to increase the equity to keep the debt equity ratio within the limits specified in the loan covenant. Audit Steps to Reduce Risk The auditor should verify the controls over the accounts receivables and apply extensive checking on the receivable accounts outstanding for more than a considerable period of time. Verify the capitalization in the research and development account and the expected cash flows from the device developed. Apply substantive tests over the equity accounts to verify (ISA 330, 2009). Business Risks Faced by GPSA Limited Business risk implies the possibility of loss that the company may incur due to adverse business conditions. The auditor should strive to find out the events that gives rise to substantial business risk (Reuvid, 2014). In the case of GPSA Limited, it has been observed that the company is facing downfall in the demand in market due to increased competition. The manufacturing and property industry in Australia is under pressure to improve the margins. The return on equity of GPSA Limited is down from 22.17% in 2015 to 7.19% in 2017. Further, the return on total assets is down from 15.52% in 2015 to 4.86% in 2017 and net margin has decrease from 17.85% in 2015 to 10.38% in 2017. The downfall in the key profitability ratio clearly indicates that the company is bearing high business risk and it may incur losses. Further, the debt to equity ratio has also increased from 1.04 times in 2015 to 1.11 times in 2017. If the debt to equity ratio hits the limit as per loan covenant of 1.20 times, the company would incur solvency risk. Thus, overall it could be evaluated that the business risk of GPSA Limited is high for the audit of 2017. Effective Control Some of the potentially effective controls that GPSA Limited has are discussed as below: The company has two non-executive independent directors out of total five on the board. The company has implemented a new IT system for the record maintenance. The access to records is password protected (Graham, 2015). The major shareholders take active part in the management of affairs, particularly related to the managerial bonus and remunerations. Budgeting system is there in place through which company specifies the targets to be achieved in the coming period (Graham, 2015). Risk Alleviated The risks alleviated by the above mentioned controls of GPSA Limited are given as below: It is essential to have independent directors on the board to alleviate the risk of losing governance in the organization. Thus, GPSA Limited, by having two independent directors on the board, alleviates the risk of non-governance in the company (Graham, 2015). The new IT system implemented by the company would alleviate the risk of errors in recoding the transactions and maintaining records. Password protection provides safeguard against the risk of unauthorized access to the accounting records. The involvement of shareholders in the management of affairs reduces the risk of management manipulating the financial statements for personal benefit. Preparing budgets and targets for the future performance helps in tightening controls over the activities of the personnel. The risk of non-performance is reduced to a great extent (Graham, 2015). Test of Control One test of control for the above discussed potentially effective controls is prescribed as below: Inspection of board meeting minutes and resolutions. Test of transactions recorded by the new IT system and verification of the security measures. Verifying the resolution passed and approvals given by the shareholders for the managerial bonus. Verifying the variance report to check that budgetary system is working properly (Graham, 2015). Weaknesses in Internal Control The internal controls laid by GPSA Limited over the sales processes and accounts receivables seem to be sufficiently good but there are certain weaknesses which if the company overcomes would help it to reduce the risk of fraud or error. In the case of incomplete deliveries, the responsibility to probe into the reasons should be assigned to officer other than the dispatch supervisor. Thus, the segregation of the duties does not seem to be proper in relation to delivery of goods and follow ups. The incomplete deliveries should be signed off by the appropriate authority. In the same way, the return of sold material is also not under the watch of proper authority. The sales return should be approved by the sales manager rather than the supervisor of dispatch department. Further, the company does not take confirmation of the material delivered to the customer. In regard to trade receivables, it has been observed that the company does not have a system of account reconciliation. The compa ny does not take balance confirmation from the trade receivables on regular basis which is a significant loophole in the system (Whittington, 2015). Conclusion From the discussion in the report, it could be concluded that the audit of GPSA Limited for the year 2017 should be with more focus and planning because the company is bearing high risk. Further, there has been a change in the internal control system due to implementation of the new IT system. Thus, the auditor needs to go through testing of controls in detail this year. References AICPA. 2016. Audit Guide: Analytical Procedures. John Wiley Sons. Graham, L. 2015. Internal Control Audit and Compliance: Documentation and Testing Under the New COSO Framework. John Wiley Sons. Griffiths, P. 2016. Risk-Based Auditing. CRC Press. ISA 330. 2009. Auditors Response to the Assessed Risk. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.ifac.org/system/files/downloads/a019-2010-iaasb-handbook-isa-330.pdf Leung, P., Coram, P., Cooper, B.J. 2012. Modern Auditing and Assurance Services, Google eBook. John Wiley Sons. Reuvid, J. 2014. Managing Business Risk: A Practical Guide to Protecting Your Business. Kogan Page Publishers. Whittington, O.R. 2015. Wiley CPAexcel Exam Review 2015 Study Guide (January): Auditing and Attestation. John Wiley Sons.